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Christopher Columbus Villain or Hero Essay - 458 Words

In 1492, Christopher Columbus unintentionally discovered America, when he landed in the Caribbean Islands, while looking for a direct sea route to Asia. Despite the fact that Columbus believed he had found a direct sea route to India, he has been called the discoverer of America and hailed as a hero. More recently, however, he has been called a villain, with accusations saying that not only did he not discover America, but also that he was the cause of slavery and oppression in the Americas. These allegations are absurd and lack logical evidence. Christopher Columbus has been discredited with discovering America, because for thousands of years, Native Americans had thrived on the land he claimed he discovered. There are also claims†¦show more content†¦After Columbus returned to Spain, the Europeans began to come to America by the thousands and brought with them permanent colonies, new ideas, technologies, plants, and animals. Columbus critics do accredit him with bringing oppression to the Americas. After Columbus returned to Spain, the Spanish government took a great interest in the Americas, especially South America. Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortes, landed on the coast of South America, and battles between the native Aztecs and the Spanish soon ensued. The Aztec population was estimated at 25 million, while Cortes landed with only 400 troops. Cortes and his 400 conquistadors easily defeated the Aztecs. Numerous critics of Columbus accuse him of bringing the Spanish oppression in South America that ruled over the Aztecs. One of the main reasons for Spains easy victory was that thousand of Indians, who were oppressed by the Aztecs, fought alongside the Spanish conquistadors to free themselves from the oppression that the Aztecs had put on them for thousands of years. Columbus critics not only blame him for the oppression of Native Americans, but also for slavery. The Europeans landed in America and took advantage of its rich soil. They, however, lacked a large amount of manpower. This led to the enslavement of Native Americans and Africans. Columbus and even Europeans cannot be blamed for slavery. Slavery had been a commonShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus : Hero Or Villain?884 Words   |  4 PagesRian White Crawford 3rd Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? In elementary school students are taught that Christopher Columbus is some godly hero who discovered that the earth was round and a shorter route to â€Å"Asia†. They even have a day dedicated to him. Typically, children are gullible and just believe what they are taught, rather than actually researching and learning the history on their own. As a child one’s brain is not developed enough to possess a sense of moral discernment. Also, childrenRead MoreChristopher Columbus Hero Or Villain1658 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Columbus is an internationally celebrated explorer, due to his voyages to Central America during the Age of Discovery, a period between 15th and 16th centuries where explorers would be supported by countries to claim land. Columbus was an Italian explorer, on a conquest for gold and riches, who was sponsored by the monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, to travel to Southern Asia. Columbus proposed the idea of traveling from East to West, rather than travelingRead MoreResearch Paper - Is Christopher Columbus a Hero or Villain2022 Words   |  9 PagesChristopher Columbus found a new world and jumpstarted an age of exploration like no other. After he found the Americas there was massive colonization, giant trade increases and more resources such as gold and silver were being surfaced. Europeans learned new agricultural techniques from the indigenous people, the Europeans also acquired a large number of new crops to farm such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn and cocoa. With all of the pros that the age of exploration brought to Europeans it is hardRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus: Villain or Hero?1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than five centuries Americans have lifted Christopher Columbus to heights of greatness and god-like. We celebrate his life as though he was a man that had done us a great favor. In resent years Christopher Columbus has come under scrutiny, his life and works being questioned more than celebrated. There have be many great men and women that contributed to the building of our great nation but they do not receive anywhere as much recognition as Columbus. When a person begins to study the actual accountsRead MoreChristopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pages School taught us about the infamous Christopher Columbus who was known as the hero who found the Americas in 1492, but is that the truth? Is Columbus really the hero that grade school portrayed him to be? Columbus was not. Columbus was a greedy man who destroyed an entire race of people with genocide just so only he could benefit and become a man of money and power. Columbus was a very good speaker and very persuasive. He convinced the King and Queen of Spain to fund his expedition to â€Å"Asia†Read MoreEssay about Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?781 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that Columbus was one of the greatest explorers of all time. In my mind there is no question about whether Christopher Columbus discovered America; of course he did, its Columbus! However, this is a highly debated issue and through writings by authors Jeffery Hart and James W. Loewen we will investigate the true importance of Columbus. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the essay written by Jeffrey Hart entitled, â€Å"Discovering Columbus†, he argues strongly that, in fact, Columbus did discoverRead MoreChristopher Columbus was not the First to Discover America Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesPeople argue that Christopher Columbus was the first to find America, but other people argue that the Native Americans were the first ones in America. In 1492 Christopher Columbus voyages from spain to the Americas not knowing what was there. So was Christopher Columbus the first one to find out about America? Would he be a hero or a villain for saying he did, or saying he did but actually didn’t and just wants to get the credit for it. Why people believed that he would be a hero is because, theyRead MoreThe Difference between Myth and Reality about Christopher Columbus606 Words   |  3 Pages Christopher Columbus is a name known to nearly every American that has ever had an elementary education. He is imagined as the brave explorer that against all odds prevailed in his belief of a round earth. Credited with the discovery of America, Columbus has a holiday and even the Nation’s capitol and a powerful Catholic service organization are named after him. What isn’t as well known is the dark side of his arrival to the New World. Though he did make the first steps in founding modern AmericaRead MoreAnother Side of Christopher Columbus Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesmainland-America. These people could rightly be called Native Americans/Indians. However primitive these people were, they were very organized. In a much busier world (Spain), lived a very adventurous, religious, and loyal man named Christopher Columbus. Born in Genoa, Italy, Christopher Columbus was the son of a very skilled weaver. He was an expert sailor, thus earning the title of â€Å"Admiral of the Ocean Sea† for himself after his successful expeditions. He had a favorite ship, Santa Maria although he had twoRead MoreChristopher Columbus As A Hero1211 Words   |  5 Pagescelebrate Columbus Day; whether Christopher Columbus, the man with a holiday named after him, the man who â€Å"discovered† America, was really hero. There are people who claim that Columbus was, in fact, someone to be celebrated. This is false. Christopher Columbus was, most blatantly put, a villain. He deserves this status because he did not discover the land now known as America, he forced his beliefs onto others, and he utterly destroyed the lives of unknowing, innocent people. Christopher Columbus is mainly

Kolb’s Learning Cycle Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theKolbs Learning Cycle. Answer: David Kolb has much experimental learning cycle. Where one of them is the concrete experience which comprises a new expertise in the situation which is to be encountered or the interpretation experience as life is full of experiments which people can learn from. These skills can be obtained from work or home places as there are many opportunities which can help one to start ahead of the learning cycle. Concrete experience is contradicted by diverging. This is because some people do better on areas which require idea generation as people look things at different perspective as they are sensitive (Bishop Verleger, 2013). They prefer to watch things to gather the information which they require. Most people have gotten interest in individuals as they try to be emotional, active and imaginative in arts. The next is reflective observations where the new idea developed is of most importance and inconsistencies between experience and understanding. Reflection involves what one has done and experienced before. Some people are good in this others are not. Some of the people train themselves to be deliberate on how to review most of their experiences, and they record them for reference (Manolis et al., 2013). This is contradicted by assimilating where the ideas and concepts are fundamental than the people who give those thoughts. This is achieved by giving the people clear explanation rather than the practical opportunity. These individuals with this style of assimilating are attracted more by logically sound theories than those approaches on actual value. The next in cycle is abstract conceptualization under which the gained reflection leads to the innovation and creativeness of new ideas that can aid in the modification of some present/ existing idea in a more advanced concept. To conceptualize is to generate new hypotheses and interpretation of the meaning of what we experience. This is after passing the stage of thinking about the first experiences and interpreting them as addressed by Kolb theorem and cycle. This is contradicted by converging that is doing and thinking. The individuals with converging learning style can tackle problems and use their knowledge to get solutions to the practical issues (Kolb, 2014). These people prefer the technical tasks and challenges but not the people or their interpersonal and social problems. These people experiment with the new ideas and operate with diverse practical applications. In contrast to Kolbs learning cycle is active experimentation learning cycle which is also referred to as the plan after thinking and evaluating and thinking about the experiences. This is where the learner applies theory into practicability in the environments that surround him and the subject at hand. Experimental learning cycle helps in realizing the desired results as per an individual. The experimentation is contradicted by the accommodating learning style which relies on intuition than logic. This is where these individuals a use other peoples data or analysis to take any practical or experiential approach (Kolb Kolb, 2005). Individual who have accommodating learning style mostly they will tend to reply back other peoples messages get the information than them carrying out their analysis. References Bishop, J. L., Verleger, M. A. (2013, June). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. InASEE National Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, GA(Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1-18). Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education.Academy of management learning education,4(2), 193-212. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT Press. Manolis, C., Burns, D. J., Assudani, R., Chinta, R. (2013). Assessing experiential learning styles: A methodological reconstruction and validation of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory.Learning and individual differences,23, 44-52.

One Foot in Eden free essay sample

It is impossible to go through life without making any. What we choose can define us, can close off a part of our life that, had we chosen differently, could have led to something completely different. Many things can influence our choices, from morals, to peers, to experience. Usually, it is our own morals and opinions that decide what we do. How we were raised, what we were taught, and what we have picked up along the way. Family plays a large part in our decisions. Many people think about what someone in their family would do when faced with a difficult decision. In One Foot in Eden, Amy weighs the pros and cons of sleeping with Holland to get pregnant. She carefully thinks about what her husband would do if he found out. This may be a bad example, as she decides to sleep with him anyways. Also, simple things that we learn in school allow us to make informative judgments. We will write a custom essay sample on One Foot in Eden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peers also play a significant role. It is almost human nature to please others, or to fit in. Something we would not normally do, we do to make others like us. We might also refrain from acting a certain way that might prevent others from accepting us. This is why it is common that teens begin smoking, or doing some other dangerous habit, all to â€Å"be cool. † Our experiences shape many of our choices. If we know from experience that we will get a bad or painful response to an action, we avoid that action. We will also repeatedly make choices that produce a good or pleasant effect. We face many obstacles by trial and error, and if we have done something before, we know what actions elicit what responses. In conclusion, our choices, whether they are made from our experiences, our peers, or our morals, immensely affect our lives. The factors that influence our choices, be they good or bad, are directly related to the outcome of those decisions.

International Policy Responses toward the Threats of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Regional Conflict

Coke Financial Structure Essays

Coke Financial Structure Essays Coke Financial Structure Essay Coke Financial Structure Essay [pic] Andrea R. Hart GB550: Financial Management August 24, 2011 The Abstract The topic of this research paper will be about the capital structure of Coca Cola, This paper serves as a comparison of debt and equity. It will help determine the true value of the company while also determining what their free cash flow is and the risk level for the organization. The question that this research will try to answer is if the 125 year old company is financially ready for another 125 years. The company needs to remain liquid and keep its operating costs low during times of inflation. The methodology that will be used will be multiple financial ratios to determine how the organization is operating and compare to times of exponential increases in profits. My expected findings will be that Coca Cola will have a minimal amount of free cash flow. There would be enough to remain liquid but also to remain flexible in starting new product lines or new investments. Coca Cola already operates in over 200 countries and should seek to expand advertising efforts in recently adopted countries. I anticipate that the company has endured over 125 years of economical, political and social upheavals. I hope to conclude that although there could be unpredicted unprecedented environmental events that Coca Cola will be able to continue operate. Table of Contents A preview of capital structure issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Business and financial risks related to capital structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Modigliani and Miller’s [MM] capital structure theory †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Criticisms of the MM model and assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Capital structure evidence and implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Estimating the firm’s optimal capital structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 A preview of capital structure issues Capital structures of companies are based on the amount of debt and equity a company holds. When a company begins to increase their debt the company becomes more of a risk to investors because the company now has a higher chance that it may not be able to repay its debts. Although if there is more debt an organization taxes can be reduced because the organization is able to take out what it must pay as interest to investors and holders from being taxed. The higher cost of capital translates into a lower fair value estimate, and vice versa; furthermore, seemingly small changes in cost of capital can make a significant difference in a stocks fair value (Kathman, 2002). The giant beverage maker, that’s in a fairly stable environment does not have very much debt. The company in the non-alcoholic beverage industry, Coca Cola’s cost of equity of 8. 6% when the industry average is 11. 67% and is a large influence on the WACC of 8. 4%. Although the company incurs an 8. 6 % cost on the equity the company has averaged a return on equity for the past five years of 30. %. A Company with a high weighted average cost of capital could be considered a risky company or a company in a risky industry that mainly uses equity for funding. Coca Cola’s debt to equity ratio is 23% however the total debt to equity has been on average for the past five years at 51% showing that the company uses only half debt to finance growth within the company which is accurate for a company that is not quite so capital intensive. Although the company finds itself in a well established industry, it must still make investments and use 51% of debt to finance the new growth. WACC and Free Cash Flows impact a company’s value. FCF is what would come back to a company after the investment was made to enhance the company. FCF can determine if it is worth to take on an investment. Coca Cola’s current Free Cash Flow is -546. 8 (COCA COLA CO (NYSE:KO ), 2011). Business and financial risks related to capital structure There are many factors that could play into the financial risk of Coca Cola. The company itself, affiliates, subsidiaries, licensed distributers and bottlers are a risk factor to Coca Cola. Bottlers generate a significant portion of Coke’s net operating revenues by selling concentrates and syrups to independent bottling partners. In 2009, approximately 79 percent of our worldwide unit case volume was produced and distributed by bottling partners in which the Company did not have a controlling interest (ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS, 2010). The company also operates internationally which is additional business and financial risk to the company. International economies and political environments become a risk to an American investor when considering purchasing securities. Some business risk of the company includes the availability in Coca Cola’s special ingredient of extracted coca leaf, the sustainment of a network that spans 200 countries, health concerns that cause a reduction in market demands. For the company to ensure that it has enough cash flows must be able to have the infrastructure to handle the large amount of demands. Being that Coca Cola is an international company it has opened its doors to many more financial risks. Risks with their international counterparts include fluctuations in foreign currency and exchange rates effecting financial results (ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS, 2010). If interest rates rise or new tax laws are set it would negatively impact net income. Increase in costsdue to shortages of supplies or materials to produce products or changes in accounting standards can all affect the risks of the company. Coca Cola monitors exposure to financial market risks using several objective measurement systems, including value-at-risk models. Value-at-risk calculations use a historical simulation model to estimate potential future losses in the fair value of our derivatives and other financial instruments that could occur as a result of adverse movements in foreign currency and interest rates (ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK, 2011). Modigliani and Miller’s [MM] capital structure theory The underlying and basic assumption of the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory is that there is no major difference if a company were to fund its operations with the use of debt or using equity. The 1958 Modigliani-Miller Theorem was initially designed to show that the corporations capital structure decisions are not value increasing or decreasing; it has, however, become apparent that the theorem is far more general (MacMinn, 2011). The theory rests on assumptions that there are no brokers or bankruptcy costs, no taxes and that investors can borrow at the same rate as the corporations and that EBIT is not affected by the use of debt. In 1991 Miller explained that the theory any gain from using more of what might seem to be cheaper debt is offset by the higher cost of now riskier equity and given a fixed amount of total capital, the allocation of capital between debt and equity is irrelevant because the weighted average of the two costs of capital to the firm is the same for all possible combinations of the two (Villamil, 2010). Criticisms of the MM model and assumptions The same assumptions that the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory is based on have been criticized. While the three Modigliani and Miller propositions make good sense and have become widely known there has been disagreement. Capital Structures that are designed to enhance value, the majority of the value is from the decisions that are made by financial managers. The value in the company is from the strategy that makes and it is the duty of the financial manager to make sure that the capital structure supports the strategy that the company is trying to pursue. Further, Coca Cola, initial strategy was to sell Ice cold Coca Cola’s to its customers. The company was able to successfully change its strategy to only produce the syrup, the process was able to be broken down and both are able to reap values and benefits. By leaving capital structures to be independently determined by the bottlers and distributors, the structure of Coca Cola Holland and Coca Cola Japan to be different. Other theories have been created in spite of the MM model such as the Trade-Off Theory which takes into consideration the costs of bankruptcy. Capital structure evidence and implications Because of the low debt that Coca Cola has it also carries a low rate for taxes. In the last 5 years, half of Coke’s worldwide investments include almost $20 billion dollars in capital expenditures and acquisitions in the U. S. In addition, each year, we invest over $10 billion dollars in our supply chain in the U. S. including $208 million dollars that was spent this past year on supplies (Kent, 2010). In 2010, The Coca Cola Company acquired Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities. Coca Cola by purchasing CCE, Coke will have a $100 million net pre-tax income benefit, however after adjusting to the impact of the full value of the stand alone debt Coke will have acquired a $200 million interest expense reduction. However Coke stands to benefit from the overall transaction with a pre tax benefit in 2011 of an estimated $300 million (Investors Information, 2010). CCE is still set to acquire bottlers in Germany, Sweden and Norway as part of the deal. With Coke becoming a producer and now a larger owner in bottling, this has changed the capital structure of the company. Estimating the firm’s optimal capital structure During the acquisition of Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities, Coca Cola’s shares decreased while CCE increased. With this transaction, we are converting passive capital into active capital, giving us direct control over our investment in North America to accelerate growth and drive long-term profitability Coke said, with the transactions that are expected to generate operational cost savings of approximately $350 million over four years for Coca-Cola and will add to earnings by 2012 (Gelsi Spain, 2010). The current estimate of Coke’s cost of debt is 7% as well as the WACC. (Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Ratings, News Analysis , 2911). If this amount were to increase it is possible that it could also increase the risk to investors. Coke’s beta has been reported at . 59 and for the non-alcoholic beverage industry is average. With their current capital structure Coke has had a steady 6% in revenue growth. The company also recently acquired CCE their debts, liabilities as well as CCE’s acquisitions which is why Coke’s shares declined by 3. % (Gelsi Spain, 2010). These changes were brought about due to economical conditions and felt the need to take over more operations. Although this acquisition effected their shares in the short term, the company has estimated that this change will save the company almost $350 million in operational costs in four years and will begin generating income by 2012. References Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Rating s, News Analysis . (2911). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from ValueInvesting 2. 0: wikiwealth. com/research:ko COCA COLA CO (NYSE:KO ). (2011, August). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Forbes. Com: http://finapps. forbes. com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/Ratios. jsp? tkr=KO Ehrhardt, M. C. , Brigham, E. F. (2009). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: South-Western. Freeland, K. , Gabruk, B. , Laidlaw, K. , Levine, J. , Michaels, M. , Schramm, G. (1998, May 4). The Beverage Industry: This One’s on the House! Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Stern NYU. Edu: http://people. stern. nyu. edu/adamodar/pdfiles/cfprojs/beverage. df Gelsi, S. , Spain, W. (2010, Feb 25). Coca-Cola buying CCE North American bottling business. Retrieved Aug 23, 2011, from The Wall Street Journal: MarketWatch: marketwatch. com/story/coca-cola-buying-north-american-unit-of-cce-2010-02-25 Hines, J. J. (2007, March). Capital Structure with Risky Foreign Investment. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from Harvard Business School: people. hbs. edu/ffoley/riskycap. pdf Investors Information. (2010, Dec 14). Retrie ved Aug 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company: ttp://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/modeling_2010. pdf ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. (2010). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2009/04_Coca-Cola_Item1A-1B. pdf ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. (2011). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2006/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_07a. pdf Kale, J. R. , Noe, T. H. , Ramirez, G. G. (Dec. , 1991). The Effect of Business Risk on Corporate Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence. The Journal of Finance , 1693-1715. Kathman, D. (2002, December 20). Why Discount Rates Matter. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MorningStarNews. Com: http://news. morningstar. com/articlenet/article. aspx? id=84699_QSBPA=Y Kent, M. (2010, May 19). Enhancing our National Competitiveness. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company: thecoca-colacompany. com/dynamic/leadershipviewpoints/2010/05/enhancing-our-national-competitiveness-is-not-an-option. html MacMinn, R. (2011). Theorems in Corporate Finance . Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MacMinn. ORG: http://macminn. org/Fin374/theorems/theorems. html The Coca Cola Company. (2011). Financial Statements. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/financial_statements. html Villamil, A. P. (2010, March 10). The Modigliani-Miller Theorem. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from Econometrics at the University of Illinois: econ. uiuc. edu/~avillami/course-files/PalgraveRev_ModiglianiMiller_

Hormone replacement therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hormone replacement therapy - Essay Example On the other hand, low-dose vaginal medicines of estrogen, coming in the form of cream, pills or a ring can properly control vaginal symptoms and a number of urinary complications, while limiting body absorption. Low-dose vaginal medications do not prevent hot flashes, osteoporosis or night sweats. Long-term use of systemic hormone therapy for the inhibition of postmenopausal complications is no longer regularly advisable. But some research findings show that estrogen reduces the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases when administered early in menopause (Kaygusuz et al, 2014).     For cases of early menopause in women, estrogen is essentially prescribed together with progesterone-rich medications. The need to balance estrogen concentration levels with progesterone is because the former hormone alone can stimulate the thickening of the uterine walls, thus increase the prevalence of cancer of the uterus (Kaygusuz et al, 2014). Any woman whose uterus has been removed does not need t o take hormone replacement therapy, because it would be meaningless.Demerits of hormone therapy  Despite the advantages of hormone replacement therapy, it carries with it several risks. The use of estrogen-progestin drugs in known to soar the prevalence of certain grave complications, including: cardiovascular diseases, stroke, breast cancer, and blood clots (Kaygusuz et al, 2014). As Kaygusuz et al (2014) said, the therapy should be administered to a healthy woman who has: a) experiences of moderate to serious menopausal symptoms.

Health Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Financial Management - Essay Example The goal that becomes the end in the health financial matters involves the creation of an operational knowledge network. Various opportunities arises that help in the application of a real life situations in matters relating to healthcare. It is also important to note a complete usage of spreadsheet. This knowledge system helps in the compilation of data in the most efficient way (McLean, 2003). Introduction Financial management of the health sector provides an easy approach that streamlines the labor health care intensively. The system of management helps to ensure an increase in the efficiency level, accuracy and reduced labor cost in the entire life of an enterprise. The implementation level provides the best solution if the optimal way is applied in the course of the operation of the business (Latimer, 2012). The National Case mix Scenario The National case under study is an Australian based program that ensures development of the Refined Diagnosis and the related groups. The cla ssification of this form of diagnosis includes the statistical body and the diagnosis centre. The statistical body is involved in the dealing and classification of disease related problems and other bodies. These include the coding standards, classification and intervention body and the modification segment (France, 2001). The model applied at the funding level created an alarming effect with senior members of the health department. This case was felt in the New South Wales with great magnitude. The magnitude emanated from the opposition in the funding process. The hospital association in Australia accepted the idea of funding. Believe in the ideology of better performance evolved from the existence of favorable arrangements at the time. Later, a committee for case mix evolved. It performed the work of determination of clinical changes as per the US regulations. This gave rise to the creation of Australian National and Australian Refined. The entire national case system gets fund fr om the Australian health department. The seventh edition of Australian modification happens to take place at the end of June 2013. Another event will also unfold on first of July 2013. This event will feature under the seventh edition partnership program. The seventh edition will ensure that planning and implementation takes place in the entire phase of the heath management (Willis, Reynolds & Helen, 2008). National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (NHHRC) Report The birth of COAG is a signaling factor to the NHHRC. The COAG had a meeting that raised important agendas to focus on the NHHRC (Appleby & Aroney, 2012). Some of the recommendations included the requirement on the address of peculiar issues of regulation as a rule in the commonwealth. The Council of Australian Government (COAG) body had an agreement to increase the funding requirements of the state aimed to increase health issues. The funding initiative had a focus on capacity improvement as a main goal. It is impera tively important to appreciate work performed by the COAG (Crase, 2008). The body comprises of on dignitaries including the prime minister and other state dignitaries. The body schedules to have a meeting on April 13 2012 at Canberra. The main agendas at any meeting must revolve at some of the most important issues like the major reforms, delivery of Medicaid and the funding level aimed at the sustainability of the

What determines the distrbution of income between wages and profits Essay

What determines the distrbution of income between wages and profits - Essay Example Consequently, the wages paid to the workers in the cinema theatre would reduce. An opposite scenario in this context would be that if the public transport is privatized, the wages paid to the bus conductors would possibly increase. 2. The bargaining power of the workers is another significant factor that plays a role in the determination of distribution of income between wages and profits. The point to be noted here is that bargaining power of the work force can be more important than their productivity. 3. Profits not only depend on the macro factors such as the country’s economy but they also depend on the cost of production which can be company/industry specific. For instance, some companies who believe in excellence would spend a lot on innovation, resulting into low cost of production and high profits. This could also result into high wages. 4. The wages paid would also depend on the size of the company and industry. If the company is growing in size, the wages paid would be high; similarly wages are of growing nature in sunrise industries. Companies who have maintained oligopoly in the market can also afford to pay high wages. 5. Fields such as Information technology and Finance are of revolutionary and innovative nature, so we find wages to be very high in these fields. Similarly companies in any industry such as biotechnology, weapons manufacturing and aerospace that are of innovative nature can afford to pay high wages to the workers. 6. Another important factor is the distinction between skilled and unskilled workers. Skilled workers certainly get paid more than unskilled workers. The point to be noted here is that skilled workers enable the company to make more profits. 7. Referring to the above point again, we can also conclude that skilled/unskilled workers working in the specialty and niche areas will be paid more than

William Harveys Discoveries and Effects on Society

William Harveys Discoveries and Effects on Society The Renaissance, which means rebirth, was a time of much literary and humanistic growth dating from 1350-1600 AD. During this period, scholars and intellectuals alike began to show interest and respect for the arts, literature, science and architecture again. The humanistic growth of this time refers to the scholars of the renaissance, known as Humanists, who put themselves and humankind at the centre of their world and culture rather than God. The Renaissance originated in northern Italy but eventually took over Europe, with clergymen and bishops moving to Italy to study   what was known as the New Learning. The invention of the printing press during this time also meant that books could be mass produced, quickly and cheaply for the first time, making them more widely available to humanists and those in the public that could afford such commodities. This led to increased learning in this time, which in turn led to great scientists and scholars being born who changed the way we loo k at the world, even today. (colaisteeanna.ie, 2011) William Harvey, alongside Galileo, Kepler and Bacon was a very important individual in the advancement of science in the renaissance period, who is credited today as being one of the most influential English physicians in history. He is mostly known for his research into the circulatory system and was the first person to discover and accurately describe how blood was transported throughout the body by the heart. Harvey was known for never fearing to go beyond what science had accepted in his time and for pushing the boundaries of Renaissance science, never having any fear to experiment on things that would be considered major taboos at the time. His exploits however would lead to the public and other physicians to write off his work completely. William was born in Folkstone, Kent, England in the year 1578 to Thomas and mother of nine, Joane Harvey. Williams father, Thomas, was quite a successful merchant who would go on to become the mayor of his town which meant that William lived a quite comfortable life growing up. As a child and young teen Harvey was taught the classics and latin, which would later aide him in his ventures to Europe where Latin was widely used for academic work. In 1597, Harvey attended Gonville and Caius College in the University of Cambridge where he studied and completed a bachelors degree. Upon completing his degree, Harvey thought it best to move on to study medicine in the highly prestigious University of Padua in northern Italy. At the time Italy was known to be one of the great centres of intellectual activity in Europe. It was in Padua that Harvey would go on to study and be tutored under the great and famous surgeon and scientist Hieronymus Fabricius. Fabricius was a dedicated anatomist who wa s revolutionising medicine in the renaissance period who had discovered that veins in the human body contained valves, although to use of these valves were unknown to him. His beliefs in the workings of scientists such as Galen were so strong that he didnt want to challenge these views which meant that Fabricius would never go on to further his studies in this area. Fabricius discovery would later inspire Harvey to further these studies. Harvey would then go on to receive the degree of M.D from the University of Padua in 1602, where on his diploma it was written [Harvey] had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination, and had shown such skill, memory and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided therefore that he was skilful, expert, and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicineâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Famousscientists.org, 2015). He would then go on to return to England to join and perform well in his ex ams at the Royal College of Physicians. During the renaissance period, the scientist and anatomist, Galen, was widely renowned as the greatest physician to ever have lived. Galen believed that the body was made up of bodily fluids called humors, these included blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. Galens views were unanimously agreed upon and people of the time saw these humors in the same way that DNA and genes are viewed in modern science today. For example if somebody was optimistic or positive it would suggest, in Galens teachings, that the humor, blood, was the primary bodily fluid to make up said persons body. The same would be applied for someone who was bad tempered who would be thought to be mostly made up of yellow bile. Although these findings were widely accepted, Galen was never able to prove them outright as at the time, dissecting human bodies was forbidden and was widely believed that it would lead to the dissector not going to heaven upon death. It was these accepted views that would lead future scien tists, such as Fabricius, to not want to challenge Galen or conduct any sort of experiments that would be considered taboo at the time. (World Science Festival, 2014). Although Harvey was very curious and would go on to investigate Fabricius studies further as he was not a believer of this ideology, which meant that he wasnt afraid to conduct experiments such as dissecting and other procedures that would have been considered unthinkable at the time. His practices though, did not come without his critics, who believed in the workings of medieval scientist and anatomist Galen. It would be Harveys eventual rise through the ranks of the college of physicians and his marriage to Elizabeth Browne, daughter of the physician to the queen at the time Elizabeth the First, however, that would give Harvey the time and space needed to conduct his controversial experiments. His marriage into a family of power and his expertise as a fellow physician to his new father in law would lead to him becoming the physician extraordinary to Queen Elizabeths successor, King James the first. Harvey would begin through human dissection to open up arteries and begin to study blood flow and blood like nobody had ever before him. Harveys work was based on a range of experiments and observations, including applying ligatures to arms to compare the flow of blood through arteries and veins and to establish the role of valves and some live experimentation on the hearts and vessels of fish and snakes. (Underhill, 2015)   Harvey also used mathematical data to prove that the blood was not being consumed (Ribatti, 2009). Harvey continued to experiment until he was able to provide concrete evidence to publish for the public to view. In 1628, at the age of 50, Harvey published his findings in latin under the title: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibusor in English as On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. It provided new evidence on blood circulation for the first time since Galen, who had believed that blood was produced in the liver from food and pumped to the lungs. It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body. There it passes through pores in the flesh into the veins through which it returns from the periphery everywhere to the centre, from the smaller veins into the larger ones, finally coming to the vena cava and right atrium. (Ribatti, 2009) Harveys findings went completely against the works of Galen   which sparked outrage in the scientific community as Galens work was regarded as untouchable at the time. The medical community grew hostile against Harvey and began to send hi m threats and insults. Always a believer of his work though, Harvey would never stop trying to defend his findings. Unfortunately this abuse did not end and his practice began to suffer because of it. Eventually it forced Harvey into isolation where he lived out his life as a recluse to avoid any unnecessary attention on himself. This wasnt the end for Harvey however as a new generation of budding medical students were on the rise, who were ready to disregard old teachings and pursue modern medical studys which Harvey pioneered with his research. Harvey would continue to give lectures to the new generation of scientists, detailing his methods and findings and who would then go on to use these findings and methods in their own research which would eventually make the works of Harvey mainstream, eventually making him into a more influential scientist than Galen, whose work is still used today. His sceptics outrage ended in 1661, four years after Harveys death, when scientist Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries which finally gave factual evidence and proved Harveys theory of blood circulation. William Harveys discoveries and their eventual acceptance meant that medical practises in general improved greatly during the end of the renaissance period and beyond. His discoveries in the circulatory system and his students further studies into his field allowed for new, more complex operations to take place. This had a big effect on heart surgeons as before Harvey, nobody really knew much about the functions of the heart. This allowed for a greater, although still very low survival rate for cardiac patients as new experimental operative methods were used through trial and error. The next 100 years would prove vital for advancements in cardiac related research as followers and accepters of Harveys work would lead major breakthroughs that have lead up to where modern heart and circulatory surgery is today. To conclude, William Harvey was a very influential scientist who lived in a time and culture where people outright believed the views of medieval medicine. A time where the medical community was unwilling to challenge the views of the greats such as Galen. Harvey showed the scientific community that no matter what your views or stance on a particular science is, that if you keep an open mind you may just be proven wrong in the end. William Harvey was the landmark scientist of modern medicine who paved the way for what we consider modern medicine to be today. Harvey was the inspiration for a whole generation of anatomists and physicians in his time and for future centuries to come. Who to this day is used as the benchmark for how influential a physician can be. Thanks to Harveys willingness to abandon old wisdom and observe and test for himself, we have our modern understanding of physiology. (www.discoveriesinmedicine.com , 2006) References: Harvey, william first, blood, body, Harveys contribution, Harvey publishes his findings (2006) Available at: http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Harvey-William.html. Ribatti, D. (2009). William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776239/ Underhill, S. (2015) 6.2 circulation Galen and Harvey. Available at: https://natureofscienceib.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/6-2-circulation-galen-and-harvey/ World Science Festival (2014) Misunderstood geniuses: William Harvey. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NOU4McjtXs colaisteeanna.ie. (2011). The Renaissance. [online] Available at: http://colaisteeanna.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/History-Revision-The-Renaissance.pdf Famousscientists.org. (2015). William Harvey Biography, Facts and Pictures. [online] Available at: https://www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/

African American and Their Rights Essay

Since slavery, African Americans have gone through a lot to reach their current state. In the early 20th century, African Americans faced discrimination, isolation, and were segregated according to their skin color. It started when Europeans brought the first Africans to America, and continued throughout the Civil War. The American government made some changes in policies. A variety of leaders shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). Ever since slavery begun, African Americans have been determined to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation. Activists such as, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, and others, joined together to put an end to segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain civil rights and equality. Slavery had changed dramatically in the late 1600s. About this time the slave trade to American colonies also began increasing to meet the demand for cheap labor. Traders sold slaves to the Northern colonies, but English and other European immigrants satisfied the demand for labor there (Echerd, 2009). Slaves in America came from western and central Africa. African tribes sometimes enslaved those defeated in intertribal wars and sold their captives to European slave traders. The tribes raided villages to obtain slaves to trade for European goods. Slave traders had even offered the Africans guns and other goods for the slaves. Slaves lived a rough, hard life. Cheap labor was a huge part of their lives. They had to work from sunrise to sunset. The work consisted of clearing land, tended to fields of tobacco, rice, and vegetables. They also performed many other tasks that had helped make plantations almost completely self-sufficient. No slaves saw any money for their tasks that they had performed, but they did receive food, clothing, and shelter. The slaves had resided in small one-room huts, which had no windows and the floors were all dirt. Most slaves accepted their living condition, however, they knew no other way of life (Koehler, 2009). However, white Southerners regained control of state governments in the South during the late 1870s, however, and reversed most of the previous gains made by former slaves. For example: segregation. What is segregation? According to Webster’s Dictionary, to segregate is defined as to separate or set apart from others; isolate or to require, often with force, the separation of a specific racial, religious, or other group from the body of society. Segregation has been a part of our American heritage, almost from the moment slaves arrived on the shores of the New World (Bowles, 2011). In 17th century Virginia, the theocratic government feared that racial mixing between freed and enslaved blacks and white indentured servants would become a means to usurp government power. They passed laws in which the color line was clearly defined in any criminal punishments. By treating whites and blacks separately and unequally, these Virginian leaders set up a system of white supremacy that would become an essential component of American slavery. Separation and segregation was the order of the day, with African Americans being forced to ride in separate railroad cars, have their own hotels and courthouses, and even get water out of their own drinking fountains. Their children could not attend the same schools with the White children. To further push the color-line, they then added in segregation with the Jim Crow Laws. This is mainly because the Whites were considered to be superior, and hence were thought to deserve better schools with better facilities. African Americans on the other hand were considered inferior, and hence their children attended low-quality schools that lacked adequate facilities (Sitkoff & Franklin, 2008). The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person. The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns ( www. history. com). Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves (www. history. com). Congress quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the initiative in remaking the south. Republicans wanted to ensure that with the remaking the south, freed blacks were made viable members of society. But the strong southern legislatures finally gave in; in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks. Things were starting to look up. But by 1877 Democratic parties regained their power of the south and ended reconstruction. In 1882, southern states passed Jim Crow laws that enforced strict segregation between blacks and whites and limited African-American civil rights. This was devastating to the blacks. After all the strides they made were reversed. From holding political offices, the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society was changed. The south gradually reinstated the racially discriminatory laws. The two main goals they wanted these laws to achieve: disenfranchisement and segregation. To take away the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic Party began to stop Blacks from voting. There were many ways to stop blacks from voting. Some of these things were poll tax, which were fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks, and the literacy test. Since teaching blacks were illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate. And the other goal, segregation, causes the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities. The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person. The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns. Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves. Just like some African Americans activists fought this segregation, some Whites had some groups of their own to carry the segregation on and on. The Ku Klux Klan was one of them. The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The KKK was founded in 1865 to 1866. They directed their violence towards black landowners, politicians, and community leaders. They also did this to people who supported Republicans or racial equalities (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). After the abolishment of slavery in the U. S. the KKK formed. They hated blacks and would commit crimes against them. Murders, hangings, and lynches are just some of the crimes against the blacks (www. kkk. bz, n. d. ). The Ku Klux Klan claims to be just defending their people like other races do. What is a lynching? Lynching is a form of punishment with no legal permission. Most times lynching occurred against African Americans by hanging them. This was very popular during the Gilded Age after the American Civil War when African Americans were freed from slavery. Many White men would use lynching against Black men for being in a mixed relationship with a White woman. However, because lynching had no legal basis, it was thought to have been a tool that was used against freed slaves that had achieved financial stability and authority in order to remain a White-dominated nation. Lynching was most likely performed by White Supremacy groups like the KKK. Lynching was done by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous nature. Burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture are all part of a lynching. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control. Defending your people is one thing, but to torture another human being is inhuman. The KKK has several stories out there today on how they treated the blacks, whether they did anything wrong or not. For instance, a Louisiana woman is in critical condition after she was set on fire, resulting in burns on roughly 60 percent of her body, and her car appears to have had racial slurs written on it at the time of her attack (Mach, n. d. ). They had even gone as far as church bombings. The KKK launched a bomb into a church during a Sunday service, which left four innocent teenage girls dead. The men responsible hid behind the cloak of secrecy, intimidation and the white robes of the oldest terrorist organization in the world, the Ku Klux Klan (Gado, n. d. ). Therefore, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial discrimination is an issue that was not seriously tackled. The act was a successful result of most wide-ranging civil rights legislation and Civil Rights Movements for close to a century (Finkelman, 2009). The act declared discrimination on the basis of color, race, ethnicity, religion, and many other aspects as unconstitutional. During the critical years from 1954 to 1963, a variety of leaders with different backgrounds, such as lawyers from the NAACP, women sitting on buses, ministers from southern black churches, militants from black power organizations, and youth from colleges had shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). In 1896, the Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision established that â€Å"separate but equal† facilities for whites and blacks were allowable under the U. S. Constitution. Local governmental officials could designate separate public facilities like drinking fountains, restrooms, and schools. Even courthouses often had separate Bibles according to the defendant’s race. The problem was that separate usually meant unequal, and segregation subverted the freedom of every African American (Sundquist, 1993). Now, it is time for the African- Americans to fight back. The incident that made them want to make a difference was the Rosa Park bus ride. After a long day of work on December 1, 1955, Parks, feet hurt, looked forward to sitting on the bus for her ride home. At the time, there was a city ordinance stating that African Americans had to give up their seats on a train or bus if a white man asked for them. When a white man approached Parks and told her that he wanted her seat, she simply said no. Although she acted as a private citizen, her response was as an informed, committed member of the NAACP movement. The bus driver had asked Parks to move. When she did not, the bus driver said, â€Å"Look, woman, I told you I wanted the seat. Are you going to stand up? † When Parks again said no, the driver threatened, â€Å"If you don’t stand up, I’m going to have you arrested. † She gave no reply but at the next stop, Rosa was arrested (Garrow, 2004). A pastor known as Martin Luther King Jr., organized a boycott, the Montgomery bus boycott. King Jr. took this to a higher level and maintained and organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which coordinated similar bus boycotts in other cities. Shortly after the boycott, King had found a bomb on his porch. King went to Birmingham, Alabama, where he continued his nonviolent protests and marches. However, the police authorized force to disband King’s followers by using electric cattle prods, tear gas, and fire hoses (Bowles, 2011). King was arrested with the others, but upon his release from jail he went to Washington, D. C., where he and demonstrators met at the National Mall and addressed them with his famous â€Å"We Shall Overcome† speech on August 23, 1963. King’s words at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement. Other demonstrations and civil disobedience campaigns sought to increase African-American voter registration and win better jobs. Malcolm X actively promoted the Black Muslim cause. Even after speaking about non-violence and wanting peace, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. The civil rights movement dramatically increased participation of African- American voters in both the South and the North today. By the mid-70s some 4000 African-Americans have been elected to political office at all levels of government. Qualified African-Americans now have a wider range of opportunities than ever before. Whether you are White or African-American, each group has faced its own peculiar challenges on its approach to democracy (Rappaport, 2001). This racism is wrong and unconstitutional. The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery, which some people still went against it. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to the former slaves and forbade states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. The 14th Amendment also guaranteed equal protection of the law for all citizens. The 15th Amendment barred states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude (Hertz, 2009). In a perfect world, everyone would be equal. The color of one’s skin, religious beliefs or sexual preference would mean nothing. We would accept everyone for whom and what they are. We would rejoice in the differences between each other instead of belittling, hating and discriminating against those differences. We don’t however live in a perfect world. We live in a world filled with distrust and hate. If we don’t know or understand it in our society, then it is wrong. It will be discriminated against in one form or another. We as a country have made major strides in overcoming racism, however we still have far to go. In conclusion, African Americans faced isolation, discrimination, and segregation during the post-construction period. Racial discrimination was also prevalent in the military where back soldiers were considered inferior to white soldiers and hence poorly trained and equipped. The issue of racial discrimination, isolation and segregation was not seriously tackled until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. Civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. organized the famous 1963 protest in Washington that eventually forced President John Kennedy to pass the Act. It is therefore, clear that the journey to end isolation, discrimination, and segregation to attain equality and civil rights has been hard but worthwhile. ? References Bowles, M. (2011). American History 1865- Present End of Isolation. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint. Retrieved at: https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2 Finkelman, P. (2009) Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896-present, Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press Rappaport, D. (2001). Martin’s Big Words: The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Sitkoff, H. , & Franklin, J. (2008) The Struggle for Black equality. Hill and Wang Publication http://www. adl. org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default. asp? LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk http://www. history. com/topics/black-codes Civil Rights Act of 1964 http://www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? doc=97&page=transcript.

Conceptual framework

Put together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on: – chronology – themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Ã'Å¡ Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or docume nting sources What is a paraphrase? – restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) – putting a passage from an author into â€Å"your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) ; restating in your own words the statement of others; a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesn't share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prà ©cis – a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writer's but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) – a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary: 1. Read the article to be summarized a nd be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put â€Å"quotation marks† around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example: In the feature article â€Å"Four Kinds of Reading,† the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using â€Å"summarizing language. † Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation – a reproduction of the author's e xact words, spelling and grammar Reminder: Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other people's work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing â€Å"to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own† Synthesis ; Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. ; Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. ; Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth. Conceptual framework Put together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on: – chronology – themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Ã'Å¡ Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or docume nting sources What is a paraphrase? – restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) – putting a passage from an author into â€Å"your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) ; restating in your own words the statement of others; a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesn't share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prà ©cis – a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writer's but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) – a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary: 1. Read the article to be summarized a nd be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put â€Å"quotation marks† around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example: In the feature article â€Å"Four Kinds of Reading,† the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using â€Å"summarizing language. † Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation – a reproduction of the author's e xact words, spelling and grammar Reminder: Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other people's work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing â€Å"to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own† Synthesis ; Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. ; Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. ; Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth. Conceptual framework Put together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on: – chronology – themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Ã'Å¡ Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or docume nting sources What is a paraphrase? – restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) – putting a passage from an author into â€Å"your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) ; restating in your own words the statement of others; a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesn't share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prà ©cis – a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writer's but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) – a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary: 1. Read the article to be summarized a nd be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put â€Å"quotation marks† around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example: In the feature article â€Å"Four Kinds of Reading,† the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using â€Å"summarizing language. † Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation – a reproduction of the author's e xact words, spelling and grammar Reminder: Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other people's work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing â€Å"to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own† Synthesis ; Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. ; Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. ; Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.

Urbanism and child mental health journal review essays

Urbanism and child mental health journal review essays How much of an effect does your environment have on your mental health? Plenty. Does it mean you're doomed if your environment is supposedly negative? Not necessarily. What can we attribute the high rate of social and psychological problems in cities to? And, are urban areas predestined to be a hub for high social and psychological problems. The latter two are questions David Quinton is attempting to answer in the annotation titled " Urbanism and Child Mental Health ". In this commentary, Quinton reviews other researchers' data and attempts to explain the phenomena. The research primarily includes subjects from London's boroughs, as well as, urban areas from Oslo, Beijing and Kampala. Quinton notes a similar review by Freeman (1984) is in circulation, but it failed to consider the process of city rise and decay, the qualities of urban life and the impacts of the physical environment. Quinton begins by commenting that there are few studies of early childhood disorders that compare children in urban and rural areas within the same culture using the same assessment measures. Instead, studies rely on ecological correlations in bureaucratically limited areas. This data produced an unsurprising casual connection between indicators such as housing features and deviance. However, the ecological fallacy - the inclination to draw conclusions from unrelated indicators - presents problems. Therefore, data related to area differences is deemed tainted because of certain influences. He reviewed Lavik's 1977 study of disorder rates in Oslo with a rural sample, and surprise, behavior problems were more common in the city. Basically, Quinton found the urban areas to have higher instances of negative actions in all the studies he reviewed. He reviewed studies based on the following sub-topics: Intra-urban differences, migration, features of the area, housing charact eristics, urban environment, urban malaise and social isolati...

Wayne Dylan Essay

Wayne Dylan Essay Wayne Dylan Essay Lil Wayne Folk Artist According to Josh Tyrangiel, a writer for Time Magazine, â€Å" Lil Wayne has a smoke-scarred rasp that makes him sound like Redd Foxx covering Bob Dylan.† I completely agree with Josh in comparing lil wayne with the iconic figure Bob Dylan. Bob Dylan is a common favorite. No one looks askance or questions me when I name Dylan as one of my two favorite musical artists. However, when i mention lil wayne to my friends, I often find myself facing a mouth agape, a scowl, or an expression disbelief: â€Å"thats a joke, right?† Even those who accept my declaration of favor for Lil wayne often come back with, â€Å"Dylan and Lil Wayne? Thats an odd combination†. But it is not odd; not at all. First of all, they’re both superb lyricists, each with his own distinctive style. Secondly, both Lil Wayne and Bob Dylan are frequently charged with being opaque, non sequiturian, disingenuous, abstruse, silly, banal, indulgent and nonsensical. Both are accused of stealing lines, not just because people seek to tear down those at the top, but also because both are engaged in the folk tradition. Finally, they both have similar flows. Musically speaking, both Dylan and Lil Wayne use existing songs as scaffoldings on which to construct their own. Dylan draws from country, blues, bluegrass, folk, and early rock music, sometimes taking melody, harmony, rhythm and even many of the lyrics from an existing song and putting his own spin on it, inserting his own lines. According to ContactMusic.com, â€Å"Lil Wayne uses Karma Ann Swanepoel’s folk track once on his hit song I Feel Like Dying†. Wayne raps atop existing tracks from other artists and also samples from older pop and rock songs, especially on his mixtape. This is a clear extension of the folk tradition, modernized. Adding to being their own distinctive style, they both are charged with being opaque. According to Derek Askey, a writer for phoenixnewtimes, â€Å" Self Portrait is still a bad album.† Curiously, roughly ten years into each of their careers, both Dylan and Wayne released albums that were viewed as career self-sabatoge but that ended up putting hardly a dent in their careers: Dylan’s was called Self Portrait, viewed as rambling and lacking cohesion; Wayne’s Rebirth, viewed as a sophomoric attempt at Rock. According to Chris Deline, a writer for CultureBully, â€Å" The Price is Wrong, a song from Rebirth, has overly aggressive power chords used in the track translate as so completely empty that they’d hardly cut it with the worst bands existing in radio stations.† They have also shown appreciation for nursery rhymes, with Dylan releasing a whole album, Red Sky, that riffs on the structural forms of nursery rhymes; Lil wayne draws on the same struc tural forms and also alludes to existing nursery rhymes (Jack and Jill, for example, in â€Å"Cashed Out,† which also references other children’s characters like, again, Gremlins, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse, Barney and Baby Bop). Lil Waynes song â€Å"Started† begins each verse with the same line, maintains a consistent (although not unbroken) rhyme scheme throughout, essentially consisting of groupings of four lines, like many nursery rhymes, with alternating or coupled rhymes at the end of lines. Besides being accused of sounding opaque, both lil wayne and bob dylan are accused of stealing lines. According to Andy Greene, a writer for Rolling Stone Magazine, â€Å" Dylan’s been lifting lines from other artists for his entire career- for one, huge chunks of his 1985 disc Empire Burlesque were based on Humphrey Bogart movies.† While Dylan pulls lines from antebellum era poets, Japanese novelists, early blues songs and the folk cannon, Wayne pulls lines from Sam Cooke, Paul Simon, Michael Jackson, Nirvana, Green Day, 2Pac, B.I.G., Eminem, Jay Z, as well as movies, television shows, ad campaigns, and even the ancient Greek historian Thucydides ( â€Å"the strong do what they will; the weak do what they must, or, as Wayne put it in â€Å"A Milli†. â€Å" I do what I

Saten's evolving self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Saten's evolving self - Essay Example He simply sacrificed his own happiness for the love had had for Eve. His love for her is evident when he says, â€Å"Sole Eve, Associate sole, to me beyond. Comapre above all living Creatures deare† (lines 227-228). He was unwilling to part with his wife for better and for worse even if it meant disobeying God. For example, he says â€Å"The wife, where danger or dishonor lurks, safest and seemliest by her Husband staies, who guards her, or with her the worst endures† (Lines 267-269). Eve was just greedy, and that is why she accepted to be lured by the devil into eating the forbidden fruit. Eve was easy going and not intelligent hence the reasons as to why the devil wooed her. â€Å"Despairing, seeks to work us woe and shame† (Line 255). Eve despaired and went against all they had been warned against hence bring death and woe. As a result, my client cannot be held accountable for having brought death and woe to the world as the root of this was Eve. Her greed is also evident when she tells Adam, â€Å"This garden, still to tend plant, herb and flour† (Line 206). She was not satisfied with what had been given to them and wanted more and that is why she fell into temptation. Reply 1: The fact that Eve asked for a separation from her husband did not make her loose and greedy. This are attributes she has been having only that the separation gave her room to display her real self. Eve required her own faith to resist the devil and not her husband’s faith. It is from this lack of independence that she brought death to the world. Reply 2: The devil did not force Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, the devil happened to be more intelligent than Eve. The relationship between Adam and Eve was also a healthy during that time, and so Eve was never left exposed or alone. She had the best company of her husband and did not have any reason to give the

Analysis of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of organization - Essay Example He calls this the 20 mile walk and gives an analogy of two people walking from one city to another separated by a three thousand mile distance. Jim Collins says that the first person goes through a journey of 20 miles per day and makes sure that despite the bad weather or any other challenge, he manages this. This first person also makes sure that even when the weather is good, the person will still only walk the twenty percent and not more. The second person on the other hand walks longer distances during good weather but slips back to rest during the bad weather. Jim Collins shows hwy the first person is likely to reach the second city faster than the second person and also easy that the second person ay never be able to reach the destination. What the author is talking about here is that the first controlled progress is very important and involves setting achievable but significant goals that must be achieved no matter what. This, as the author puts it, means that the firm has to have the ambition to achieve and the discipline to restraint itself. Controlled progress then becomes the best way to steer the firm to the right destination and therefore means t that the firs will be able to grow during the bad weather as well as the good weather. Good versus bad leadership Jim Collins also identifies leadership as a very important factor to determine how the company will grow. According to this book, leadership is very important in determining how the organization will be able to fight through the fog of economic hardship. Good leaders, he argues, will be able to help their followers to achieve better and to achieve growth regardless of the situation the economic condition. Good leaders will help those under them to have the willpower and the motivation to press on even through the bad times. They will also inspire those under them to be able to act in the professional and ethical way. This book identifies that the leaders are most able to go on and make a bi dif ference in the way the organization will be able to survive in a very harsh marketplace. Jim Collins’ revolves around the role of leadership in determining whether the organization will manage to growth during the bad times and even during the good times. He gives an illustration of how bad leadership can lead the failure of an organization. To do this, the author uses the real life example of two team that set to visit the south pole and gives and account of how the first team, led by Scott was able to arrive at the south pole over a month earlier than the second team and managed to come back safely while the other team perished. Good leadership combined with controlled growth makes organizations to be able to grow evenly regardless of the economic conditions or even regardless of the bad situation they may be going through. Jim Collins lists a number of organizations which can be seen to be able to achieve this kind of growth and those which have failed to achieve this kind of growth. One example of an organization that Jim Collins says has been able to achieve this is the Stryker Corporation which is a medium scale firm that manufactures medical equipment. Stryker Corporation was able to achieve continued growth even during the time when many other

Employee Training Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Training - Term Paper Example Some of the main force that influence a company’s training and developments are: ‘economic cycle, globalization, additional emphasis on intangible assets and human capital, focus on link to business strategy, changing demographics and delivery of work force, talent management, customer service and quality management, new technology, high-performance work systems’ (Noe, 2010, p. 10). Influence of Technology on Employee Training: As it has been just seen, that one of the forces that can influence training and development of employees in an organization is new technology. The discussion, here, is about the influence of technology on employee training and development. A look around us will show how people are getting trained on/off-jobs by computers, i-pods, i-pads; and through internet. Therefore the impact of technology is mainly on delivery of training programs. Methods of training employees also have gone through many changes due to the advancement of technology. But use of technology also follow the same basic principles of learning as the traditional methods do . for example, technologies like multimedia, interactive software etc. ‘appeal to multiple senses and allow employees to pace themselves, receive feedback and reinforcement, and find information from experts on as need basis’ (Noe, 2010, p. 337). ... Training could be delivered anywhere: at office or at home, a distant location or at hometown. Technology has given freedom to the employees of choosing when or where they receive training. They can access their training materials on need basis. A simulation of work environment at the learning environment can make employees better equipped for their job. Keeping training records, documentations and other formalities involved in employee training and development could be taken care of by computers. This will cut a lot of paperwork and official activities. Employee’s progress in the training could be better monitored (Noe, 2010, p. 297). Influence of Technology on Learning Environment: The traditional classroom learning environment is linear and not as dynamic as the technology learning process. In the traditional learning process the instructors gives information to the learners; and practice and use of the information is done after the instruction process is finished. This lea rning environment includes only the trainers and the trainees, not the experts or the resources. The learners are passive and the instructors are active members. There is a one way communication from the trainer to trainees. The learners have to wait for the instruction to end to access the resource materials and the experts that is beyond their course material. The communication among the learners happens only outside the training environment. But in a technology based learning environment the training process is dynamic and multidirectional. Here, the learner plays an active role; and the instructor plays minor role. In this learning environment the resource matter and experts are also included. Internet has made a technology based learning environment possible. Internet

Classification of Japan Essay Example for Free

Classification of Japan Essay Nowadays, in Japan, the number of traveler from abroad is increasing, although there was a big earthquake in Fukushima in Japan. When you come to Japan, there are three places you have to visit then: Tokyo, Kyoto, and Hiroshima. If you visit these places, you would see Japanese culture, food, and historical building. First of all, I think most traveler is coming to Tokyo at first. Tokyo is one of the biggest cities if comparing by other countries. Tokyo is also central of Fashion in the world. You can see unique fashion’s people. In Tokyo, there are a lot of good towns, such as Shibuya, Harajyuku, and Asakusa. The course to explore the city of the Harajuku and Shibuya are two youthful and energetic cities. There is Takeshita Street, which is excursion from raw always stop by school trip in Japan, and there are many sights to be able to touch Koen-dori fashion trend, not boring the young. It is also fun to see the young people come and go. Next, in the attractive atmosphere of old-fashioned streets are left, there are many venerable in Asakusa, which is always crowded with many tourists. Raimon, a large lantern of Senso-ji Temple has become a landmark of the town. Asakusa is also an exciting city because they have various events, such as Asakusa Samba Carnival (May 8), and Sumida River Fireworks Festival (July). Second, when you visit to Kyoto, you can visit a lot of temples, and there are a lot of world heritage sites. Kiyomizu Temple is one of the world heritage sites. Every year, a lot of people, who is traveler from abroad, and student for school trip have visited there. You can see beautiful view from Kiyomizu temple. It is also difference from each season. When it is spring season, you can see a lot of blossom tree. When it is fall season, there are a lot of autumn leaves, which shows nice color. You can enjoy by just walkin around the city because the streets has not changed since many years ago, so you can see Streets of old-fashioned. You can walk the city as seeing history. I mean, there are lot of historical buildings remained since many years ago, so you can see the way people who is from many years ago have been making as history in Kyoto. Last of all, especially people, who live in America, I think they have to visit Hiroshima because you can see A-bomb dorm. There is also Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, which is telling the history of the war since then. You can learn a lot of things and have a lot of feeling when you go. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum has continued to appeal the wishes of the Hiroshima seek the realization of lasting world peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons. Divided into main building and East Wing, in the East Wing has photo panel exhibit clarity of exposure before and after exposure was based on historical facts, History of Hiroshima, the video, due to model. In the main building, we have the materials exhibit convey the devastation of the bombing. In addition, the Peace Memorial Park with a museum,and in the spring season, is known as cherry blossoms. In conclusion, Japan is smaller than United States very much; however, there are values to visit. I mean, if you can came to Japan, you can not only enjoy eating delicious, going to sightseeing, and going to theme park, but you can learn a lot of things because in Japan a lot of historical building remain as world heritage sites now, such as Kiyomzu temple and A-bomb Dorm. Also, you would enjoy wherever you visit in Japan because people live there is kind, and every city has very good things, such as food, historical building, special events, and theme park.

From Hacking to Cyber Terrorism Essay -- Computers Software Hackers Es

From Hacking to Cyber Terrorism Introduction Information technology (IT) is evolving everyday and our day-to-day life is becoming more and more dependent on it. In this twenty first century, we cannot imagine ourselves without emails, online banking systems and health care systems and without World Wide Web. In other words, evolution of IT has given a modern, technologically advanced and convenient life to the society. But, over the time we are also observing explosive growth in the darker side of the IT - regarding hacking and cyber crimes. Activities like unauthorized computer intrusion, denial of service (DOS), stealing computer passwords and secure data; causing damage to computer systems and databases and causing damage to individuals/society are not very rare these days. As we go further on this paper, we will see different aspects of hacking, from harmless (simply looking around thru web) to dangerously harmful (cyber-terrorism). Irrespective of harmless or harmful, we need to understand is it ethical and how does it impact the global world. This paper is intended to discuss the ethical issues and moral values involved with this darker side of information technology. This paper also includes discussion on the good side of hacking and how hacking can lead to serious cyber crimes and causes harm to world community. What is a computer hacker? The definition of the computer hacker can be described as follows, 1. In programming, a computing enthusiast. The term is normally applied to people who take a delight in experimenting with system hardware (the electronics), software (computer programs) and communication systems (telephone lines, computer networks etc). 1 2. In data (information... ...Security† - Dorothy Denning and Frank Drake, From Chapter 2, Computers, Ethics and Social values by Johnson and Nissenbaum. 5. â€Å"Computer Security and computer crimes† From Chapter 7, Case Studies in Information and computer ethics by Richard Spinello 6. Hacker Crackdown - By Bruce Sterling http://www.lysator.liu.se/etexts/hacker/ 7. Computer Hacking and Ethics by Brian Harvey http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~bh/hackers.html 8. Hacking: Ethical Issues of the Internet Revolution http://blacksun.box.sk/tutorials.php/id/155 9. Cyber-terrorism http://www-cs.etsu-tn.edu/gotterbarn/stdntppr/ 10. â€Å"Frameworks of ethical analysis â€Å" From Chapter 2, Case Studies in information and computer ethics by Richard Spinello 11. Soren Kierkegaard http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard 12. Are hackers terrorists? http://zdnet.com.com/2102-11-528326.html

Reasons of The Unjustified Crusades Essay

During the middle ages, there have been multiple crusades that happened all over the Middle East. The Crusades were missions led by nobles. All of these crusades were meant to liberate and conquer Jerusalem or also called â€Å"The Holy City†. The first crusade out of the four main crusades came out as a success. The first crusade did conquer Jerusalem at first until it was taken back from them. The other three main crusades ended up as a failure, but the most embarrassing crusade was the fourth for the Christian crusaders fought, attacked and killed other Christians, then stole and looted from the city of Constantinople. Christians believed that they were justified because they thought they were protecting other Christians from the Muslim Turks who were attacking Christian property and being tortured. And, the Crusaders did what the pope said which was believed to be close to Gods words. Christian Pilgrims once were allowed to Jerusalem for a toll but they were robbed, killed , beaten, etc. There were reports of violent attacks on the Christian pilgrims. The Muslims in the other had their own reason that made more sense that the Crusade was unjustified. They’re a vast range of factors on whether the Crusades were justifies or not justified. For the Christians the Crusades is to be justified because of several reasons. The real purpose of the Crusades was to conquer Jerusalem. â€Å"The first crusade was the most successful in that it actually accomplished what it set out to do-conquer Jerusalem†, (Capture) said an unknown witness of the Crusade. It was the most successful crusade. It became a convincing idea to the Roman Catholics. Once the Muslims took over Jerusalem, the Christians thought that the holy land was filled with Turks and Arabs. So, the Pope said it God’s will to go on a Crusade against the Muslims. â€Å"All who die by the way, whether by land or by the sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested,†(Urban II). Pope Urban II himself during the Council at Clermont said this. This encouraged the Europeans to go the Crusades. Before the first Crusade, Al Hakim, an Egyptian ruler, â€Å"ordered  the destruction of the holy sepulcher†. (Al-Hakim-Wikipedia). The Egyptian ruler, Al hakim ordered the destruction of the holy sepulcher which when done, it threatened the Christians and its a property to the Christians which this relates to why the Crusades were launched. The Pope also commanded the Christians to liberate Jerusalem and to kill the vile race so, these points could be argued that the Christian Crusades were justified. Now looking at the Muslim perspective, Muslims believed that the Crusades were not justified at all due to certain factors. One of it is that there were knights in Spain and Italy who ‘took the cross’ and killed Muslims rather than traveling to the holy lands. The pope directly said to the knight that the to kill the Muslim served a high purpose just as regaining control over Jerusalem. â€Å"The clearest sign possible sign of this lies in Urban’s own actions at the very start of the crusading movement: knights who ‘took the cross’ in Spain and Italy were encouraged to fight the Muslims of those areas rather than traveling to the holy lands†(Muslims). The fact that some Knights went to Italy and Spain were encouraged to fight the Muslims proves that the Knights were violent rather than focusing on liberating the ‘holy lands’. Secondly, during the first crusade, there were â€Å"thousands of peasants† and they all had a â€Å"desire to escape their squalid condition† meanwhile, those who were not peasants were mostly the youngest males of the family. They would go because they were â€Å"looking for land and a position in society†. (Textbook page 182 paragraphs 6). This is undeniable evidence that the Knights were on pursuit for personal gain rather than a religious war. The injustice of the crusades is also fed by the fact that the Crusaders who also killed other Christians who were considered to be ‘foreigners’ in the holy lands. This became a major weak point when the Crusaders invaded the holy lands. By all this, the Crusades were totally unjustified because of the Crusades who were focused on gaining personal needs. The reason of why the Crusades were mostly not justified outweighs the reasons of how they were justified. But there are some examples that the Christians have the right to go on the Crusades. The reason is that the Christians showed restraint for many years when their pilgrims were harassed and threatened by the Muslims. Another example of why the Christians could  be said that their acts are justified is because they followed the pope’s orders, which is a bit of a lame excuse comparing to the Muslims side of un-justification. But the Muslims have a stronger argument. Beha-ed-Din a member of Saladin’s court claims that King Richard broke his truce. â€Å"King broke his promises to them and made open display of what he had till now kept hidden in his heart, by carrying out intended to do after he had received the money and the Frank prisoners. It is thus that people of his nation ultimately admitted†, (Slaughter) said Beha-ed-Din. This proved that the Christian leader were untrustworthy. By weighing these two arguments, the Muslim side appears to make more sense. This eventually leads to the decision of the Crusades to be justified. Overall, this is important because we need to know history of the Crusades. Some connections is peasants relating to poor families because, they both join the military in search for a better life or a sense of adventure. Americans could say they are preventing another attack like 9/11 and likewise to the Christian Crusaders. Although, some could argue that the Americans act of violence and the death of many innocent Muslims can be blamed on the US military. Plus, the crusades is also mainly based one’s bias in some cases, A Christian guy would say that the Crusades was justified whereas a Muslim would say the Crusades were totally not justified. Meanwhile, a Hindu for example would say neither side is justified. There is no exact proof of whether the Christians or the Muslims were right. In time the real facts seem to fade and modern historians came up with theories that would fill in the gaps for the war that raged nearly a millennia ago.